How to find your level of carb ‘tolerance’?
Ketogenic diets have recently become the most searched diet term, overtaking vegan, plant-based, and Paleo. Despite the buzz, and the undoubted benefits of low-carb and ketogenic diets for obesity, metabolic syndrome, and the role in the treatment of neural disorders (amongst other benefits) many people thrive on high carbohydrate diets. On the other hand, many people also thrive on low carbohydrate diets, and a whole bunch are somewhere in between!
So, where does that leave us? How do you know what you should eat?
Often people give us advice based on what works for them. BUT just because a diet works for one person, doesn’t mean that it will work for everyone. A diet that works for you may or may not be a diet that works for someone else.
A few attempts have been made to determine how much protein or fat or carbohydrate someone should eat, based on questionnaires, blood type, or other physical characteristics. Unfortunately, most of these just haven’t panned out. For example, metabolic typing1—has failed to help improve fat-loss,2 blood type diets3 don’t work,4, 5 and physical somatotype (used to indicate relative ‘fatness’, muscularity, and linearity of the physique) hasn’t been studied with respect to whether someone responds better to higher or lower amounts of carbs.
There is evidence though that someone’s relative level of insulin resistance might affect whether they respond better to a high, or low, carb diet.6-9 Insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity describe how receptive we are to the effects of insulin the body’s primary ‘storage hormone’. When we are more sensitive to insulin we can lose fat more easily and are less likely to gain it. These findings are very preliminary but are important because of the growing rates of metabolic disorder and ‘pre-diabetes’, which are disorders of insulin resistance.
There are a few problems with trying to determine your diet based on insulin resistance though. The first problem is knowing whether you’re insulin resistant. The second is just how insulin resistant you are, and thirdly, restricting carbs to match this is still guesswork at best and is also likely to involve lots of calories and ‘macro’ counting…which isn’t going to be much fun.
We’re in the process of publishing a study looking at the predictive value of standard blood measures (like cholesterol, LDL and HDL, triglycerides etc.) on the outcomes people achieve from diets differing in carb-content. Although we suspect, and there is an indication that people who have ‘worse’ blood measures at baseline will achieve better results from greater restriction of carbohydrate, more research needs to be performed to confirm this hypothesis.
So, we’re still left a little in the dark…
A strategy I outline in The Carbohydrate Appropriate Diet book10 is to use a step-wise approach to carb-restriction to determine your unique tolerance. If you are doing fine now, eating loads of carbs, and you’re lean and your bloods look great (low triglycerides, good HDL and LDL ratios, normal-low HbA1c) then stick to what you’re doing!
But, if you’re not as lean as you’d like to be, or your bloods (especially HbA1c and triglycerides) are elevated, you can start to reduce your carb intake, step-by-step, by eliminating certain carb foods, one-by-one. For example, you can start by simply avoiding all processed and added sugars for a couple of weeks, if you are getting great results from this, stick with it! If you aren’t losing weight or seeing any changes (over longer periods of 3+ months) in your blood results, then you can take a step up, and eliminate gluten grains, or grains in general, and so on, until you find the level of carb intake that works best for you.
And remember that once you find a good level, you should stick with it until your goal is achieved but once you have achieved the desired level of leanness or great changes in your blood markers, you can ‘step down’ and start to reintroduce, again step-by-step, some good quality carb foods. Some people will end up being very low-carb using this strategy, others will find that a moderated carb diet gives them all the results they’re after, without the stress and worry of calorie counting.
BUT, we need to take a step back first and make sure that eat least 80% of what you see on your plate, at any given meal, is natural, whole and unprocessed food. We have observed in our clinical trials that when people focus on whole foods (and eat at least 6+ serves of veggies per day!) they have a remarkable ability to ‘auto-regulate’. In other words, they tend to not overeat, and they eat appropriate amounts of carbs, fat and protein for them without even trying to.
And that is the key…
At the end of the day, a diet that helps you to eat an appropriate number of calories, while still being satisfied, and is easy to implement in your daily life is the one that is best for you, and this is not necessarily the diet that is supposedly the best for your body! So, start with natural and then find your Carb-Appropriate level by using the step-wise process outlined above.
Order The Carbohydrate Appropriate Diet at AMAZON or NUTRITION STORE
References
1. Willcot W. The Metabolic Typing Diet – Eat According to Your Type 2016 [Available from: http://www.metabolictypingdiet.com/_Reat.htm.
2. Braakhuis A, Clarke D, Edgar D, Higgins S. Physiological analysis of the metabolic typing diet in professional rugby union players. NZ Journal of Sports Medicine. 2007.
3. D’Adamo P. Dr. Peter D’Adamo and the Blood Type Diet: Official Site 2016 [Available from: http://www.dadamo.com/.
4. Wang J, García-Bailo B, Nielsen DE, El-Sohemy A. <italic>ABO</italic> Genotype, ?Blood-Type? Diet and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e84749.
5. Cusack L, De Buck E, Compernolle V, Vandekerckhove P. Blood type diets lack supporting evidence: a systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2013;98(1):99-104.
6. Pittas AG, Das SK, Hajduk CL, Golden J, Saltzman E, Stark PC, et al. A low-glycemic load diet facilitates greater weight loss in overweight adults with high insulin secretion but not in overweight adults with low insulin secretion in the CALERIE Trial. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2939-41.
7. Cornier MA, Donahoo WT, Pereira R, Gurevich I, Westergren R, Enerback S, et al. Insulin sensitivity determines the effectiveness of dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss in obese women. Obes Res. 2005;13(4):703-9.
8. Ebbeling CB, Leidig MM, Feldman HA, Lovesky MM, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-glycemic load vs low-fat diet in obese young adults: a randomized trial. Jama. 2007;297(19):2092-102.
9. Gardner CD, Offringa LC, Hartle JC, Kapphahn K, Cherin R. Weight loss on low-fat vs. low-carbohydrate diets by insulin resistance status among overweight adults and adults with obesity: A randomized pilot trial. Obesity. 2016;24(1):79-86.
10. Harvey C. The Carbohydrate Appropriate Diet. Katoa Health Publishing; 2016.
